Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for cell-free therapy of ocular diseases

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have noticeably attracted clinicians’ attention in treating ocular diseases. As the paracrine factor of MSCs and an alternative for cell-free therapies, MSC-EVs can be conveniently dropped over surface or diffused through retina upon intravitreal injection, without increasing risks cellular rejection tumor formation. For clinical translation, a standardized scalable production, as well reprogramming MSC-EVs, are highly encouraged. This review aims to assess potential approaches EV production functional modification, addition summarizing worldwide trials initiated various physiological systems specific biochemical effects on therapy eye Recent advances diseases based reviewed, associated challenges prospects discussed well.